MCs

       is largely inherited.

       can be explained by several different theories.

       can best be explained by a single theory.

Question 2. 2. The personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories, and social experiences of personality theorists help shape their theories. The discipline that deals with these factors is called (Points : 1)       personology.

       psychology.

       sociology.

       the psychology of science.

       psychobiology.

Question 3. 3. Part of the internal consistency of a theory is (Points : 1)       a taxonomy.

       a set of operational definitions.

       its agreement with older, more established theories.

       its empirical validity.

Question 4. 4. Which of these is NOT a function of a useful theory? (Points : 1)       It will generate research.

       It will be consistent with one’s philosophy of life.

       It organizes observations.

       It serves as a guide to action.

Question 5. 5. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to (Points : 1)       transform unconscious material into consciousness.

       eliminate all neurotic symptoms.

       bring about self-actualization.

       uncover archetypes.

Question 6. 6. Shevrin, Ghannam, and Libet recently found that the defense mechanism of ______ might have a neurophysiologic basis. (Points : 1)       sublimation

       reaction formation

       denial

       repression

Question 7. 7. The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an (Points : 1)       expenditure of psychic energy.

       extremely strong superego.

       immediate return to primary narcissism.

       exposure of the superego to prolonged anxiety.

Question 8. 8. Freud abandoned his _______ theory in 1897, the year after his father died. (Points : 1)       seduction

       Oedipal

       dream

       childhood sexuality

       anal

Question 9. 9. Adler referred to ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed as (Points : 1)       delusions.

       hallucinations.

       fictions.

       hypothetical constructs.

       objective certainty.

Question 10. 10. Adler’s concern for the whole person led to his (Points : 1)       developing treatments for cancer.

       studying psychiatry.

       becoming a rabbi.

       advocating revolution.

Question 11. 11. During the time that Freud and Adler were members of the Wednesday Psychological Society, ____________________. (Points : 1)       Adler considered Freud to be his mentor.

       Freud prevented Adler from holding office in the organization.

       they shared a warm personal relationship.

       they conspired to prevent Carl Jung from joining the organization.

       None of these is correct.

Question 12. 12. According to Adler, _____ is the most reliable means of revealing style of life. (Points : 1)       the word association test

       early recollections

       free association

       hypnosis

Question 13. 13. Which of these people is most likely to represent Jung’s hero archetype? (Points : 1)       a frightened person who overcomes fear to save another person from harm

       an immortal person who fights to keep another person from harm

       a man who overcomes his anima and thus becomes more desirable 

to women

       a woman who overcomes her animus and thus becomes more desirable 

to men

Question 14. 14. Jung’s anarchic phase of childhood is (Points : 1)       easily recalled by most adults.

       the source of adult dreams.

       characterized by a highly differentiated consciousness.

       characterized by a chaotic and sporadic consciousness.

Question 15. 15. Jung’s archetype of wisdom and meaning is the (Points : 1)       anima.

       animus.

       self.

       wise old man.

       great mother.

Question 16. 16. Jung called the feminine side of males the (Points : 1)       shadow.

       persona.

       anima.

       animus.

Question 17. 17. Horney came to psychoanalysis from (Points : 1)       art.

       music.

       medicine.

       sociology.

Question 18. 18. According to Horney, Western society hinders people’s attempts to find love by (Points : 1)       rewarding competitiveness.

       rewarding failure.

       limiting feelings of free choice.

       All of these are correct.

       None of these is correct.

Question 19. 19. Children who feel isolated from others are likely to develop Horney’s neurotic trend of moving (Points : 1)       with others.

       away from others.

       against others.

       toward others.

Question 20. 20. “A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world” is Horney’s definition of (Points : 1)       basic dread.

       basic threat.

       basic fear.

       basic anxiety.

       innate inferiority.

Question 21. 21. For Fromm, the drive for union with another person or persons reflects the human need of (Points : 1)       transcendence.

       rootedness.

       a sense of identity.

       a frame of orientation.

       none of these.

Question 22. 22. According to Fromm, both masochism and sadism aim at (Points : 1)       increasing basic anxiety through unity with others.

       decreasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.

       increasing basic anxiety through destruction of others.

       decreasing basic anxiety through unity with others.

Question 23. 23. Fromm’s most basic assumption is that personality must be understood in the light of (Points : 1)       biology.

       history.

       geography.

       literature.

       determinism.

Question 24. 24. In Fromm’s view, the burden of freedom results in (Points : 1)       primal guilt.

       narcissistic shame.

       rootedness.

       basic anxiety.

Question 25. 25. Erikson suggested that the basic strength of the play age is (Points : 1)       trust.

       autonomy.

       initiative.

       purpose.

Question 26. 26. Erikson’s additions to Freudian theory included (Points : 1)       elevating social factors above biological factors.

       discounting the ego in personality development.

       accepting Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious.

       all of these.

       none of these.

Question 27. 27. The belief of many Nazis that Germans represented the “master race” illustrates Erikson’s concept of (Points : 1)       group ego.

       epigenetic unfolding.

       identity crisis.

       inflated ego.

       pseudospecies.

Question 28. 28. Erikson characterized the oral-sensory phase as a _________ mode of adaptation. (Points : 1)       dystonic

       syntonic

       psychosocial

       psychosexual

       functional

Question 29. 29. According to Skinner, abused children may choose to remain with their parents because (Points : 1)       one parent may be rewarding them while the other is abusive.

       they may lack the means of countercontrol.

       they may be receiving a powerful intermittent reward.

       Any or all of these reasons are correct.

Question 30. 30. What Freud saw as unconsciously motivated defense mechanisms, Skinner viewed as (Points : 1)       consciously motivated defense mechanisms.

       attempts to protect the self-concept against anxiety.

       behaviors shaped by environmental contingencies.

       unsuccessful attempts to defend the ego against guilt.

Question 31. 31. Skinner viewed the unhealthy personality as (Points : 1)       being essentially genetic in origin.

       a means of coping with excessive social control.

       stemming from internal conflict.

       lacking in productive interpersonal relationships.

Question 32. 32. Heather has a painful headache. She takes some aspirin and the pain stops. In the future when she has a headache, she will also take aspirin. Skinner would say that the taking of aspirin to reduce headache pain is (Points : 1)       positively reinforced.

       negatively reinforced.

       extinguished.

       successively approximated.

       spontaneously recovered.

Question 33. 33. The bureaucrat who answers criticism by responding “That’s the way things are done around here” is using Bandura’s disengagement technique of (Points : 1)       palliative comparison.

       displacement of responsibility.

       diffusing responsibility.

       euphemistic labeling.

       moral justification.

Question 34. 34. Megan compares her test grade with that of other class members to determine her test performance. She is using which of Bandura’s judgmental processes? (Points : 1)       personal standards

       standards of reference

       performance attribution

       positive reinforcement

Question 35. 35. In Bandura’s theory, chance encounters enter at which point in the triadic reciprocal cauastion paradigm? (Points : 1)       person

       self-system

       behavior

       environment

Question 36. 36. Compared to Skinner’s approach, Bandura’s theory is more (Points : 1)       cognitive.

       environmental.

       deterministic.

       psychoanalytic.

Question 37. 37. Allport contended that adult motives are (Points : 1)       totally unconscious in their nature.

       different from children’s motives.

       a form of homeostatic regulation.

       tied to a single master drive or motive.

Question 38. 38. To Allport, the most important structures of personality are (Points : 1)       personal disposition and proprium.

       primary traits and secondary traits.

       cardinal traits and primary traits.

       common traits and superfactors.

Question 39. 39. According to Allport, any symptom that cannot be extinguished through psychotherapy, or does not change as self-concept changes, is (Points : 1)       homeostatic in tendency.

       reactive.

       a propriate striving.

       functionally autonomous.

Question 40. 40. For Allport, the human personality implies (Points : 1)       both process and product.

       both substance and change.

       both order and diversification.

       All of these are correct.

Question 41. 41. In factor analysis, correlations of scores with factors are called (Points : 1)       factor loadings.

       factor theories.

       trait theories.

       superfactors.

Question 42. 42. In general, research testing the Five-Factor model across cultures has revealed (Points : 1)       that language differences make it too difficult to measure trait similarities.

       that trait factor approaches are best applied to Western cultures.

       translation problems with the tools used as insurmountable in research.

       that traits appear to be consistent in most countries of the world.

Question 43. 43. The Five-Factor Theory rests on a single causal influence on personality traits. What is it? (Points : 1)       culture

       biology

       early childhood

       unconscious dynamism

Question 44. 44. At present, most researchers who study personality traits favor the idea that _________ dominant traits emerge from the statistical techniques used to sift through volumes of test data. (Points : 1)       5

       35

       101

       16